The Bureaucratic Metabolism Principle

One of the more disturbing observations in Annie Lowrey’s The Time Tax is the sheer scale of the administrative machinery Americans have constructed in the name of providing government services. Lowrey describes a federal apparatus supported by millions of contractors and expenditures measured in trillions of dollars. You might reasonably assume that an institution possessing such staggering resources would operate with the terrifying efficiency of a Swiss watch. Surely, if you feed enough money, personnel, computers, consultants, administrators, contractors, databases, task forces, oversight committees, and strategic initiatives into a system, eventually somebody will answer the telephone.

You would be wrong.

Something peculiar happens as bureaucracies grow. Rather than becoming progressively more efficient, they can become increasingly preoccupied with administering themselves. More employees require more managers. More managers require more departments. More departments require more coordination. Coordination requires meetings. Meetings generate initiatives. Initiatives require implementation teams. Implementation teams require assessment. Assessment requires data. Data requires software. Software requires contractors. Contractors require contracts. Contracts require compliance officers. Compliance officers require reports demonstrating compliance with the procedures established to monitor compliance.

Eventually, you have constructed an enormous administrative perpetual-motion machine whose principal accomplishment is keeping itself in motion.

Call this the Bureaucratic Metabolism Principle: the tendency of sufficiently large institutions to consume increasing quantities of their own resources simply keeping themselves alive.

Personnel administer personnel. Departments coordinate departments. Contractors oversee contractors. Administrators supervise administrators. Committees establish subcommittees. Meetings generate follow-up meetings whose primary agenda item is determining what was accomplished at the previous meeting. Every new layer of complexity creates the need for another layer whose purpose is to manage the complexity created by the previous layer.

The bureaucracy begins to resemble an enormous animal with an increasingly ravenous metabolism. At first, you feed it resources so that it can perform a useful function. But as the creature grows, more and more of what you feed it is required merely to sustain its enormous body. Soon it requires thousands of employees, millions of labor hours, sprawling computer networks, armies of contractors, server farms, consultants, compliance departments, and enough acronyms to construct a second English language.

The organism no longer eats to serve.

It serves in order to eat.